Molecular biology

The simple insight that most changes are random had a profound effect on genetics, evolution and ecology.

Even genes essential for life can be caught in an evolutionary arms race that forces them to change or be replaced.

Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna have been awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of CRISPR/Cas9 genetic editing.

Neuroscientists could use brain waves to spur immune cells into action against the disease — but the process is almost too fantastic to believe.

In their search for sources of genetic novelty, researchers find that some “orphan genes” with no obvious ancestors evolve out of junk DNA, contrary to old assumptions.

Studies suggest that epigenetics allows some learned adaptive responses to be passed down to new generations. The question is how.

To avoid passing on new mutations to offspring, plants may minimize the number of divisions by the stem cells that make flowers and seeds.

Surviving fragments of genetic material preserved in sediments allow scientists to see the full diversity of past life — even microbes.

Mitochondria are most famous as sources of metabolic energy. But by splitting and combining, they can also release chemical signals to regulate cell activities, including the generation of neurons.